People and work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People and work - Assignment Example This company is Highway Stores Ltd and we would see the nature of HRM this organization follows. Here in this company the department that handles all the employee related matters is referred to as Personnel Department though it should be noted that the training policies are maintained and looked over by other departments. The head office in Midlands of Highway Stores Ltd controls the Personnel Function and here the hierarchy is formulated in three fold structures with three Personnel Administrators, one Personnel Officer and one Personnel Manager who is directly responsible for the department. Collaboration sense prevails with the department indulge in looking after different personnel duties that include all issues related to employees. Like training the payroll issue is looked after by the Finance department and the Personnel function is responsible to repot all issues relation to these to the Legal Director of the Highway Stores Ltd. Therefore, it could be stated that the responsibilities of the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is limited in many sense among which the training sector which is so important to the HRM is detached from the overhead. This would lead to substantial problem in future as the training modules are formulated only for the store workers and not for the personnel working at the head office. This would ultimately lead to a sense of discrimination in the context of future communication system. This leads to a situation where there needs to be a problem solving overhead for Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. The absence of such a department only could add fuel to the probable problems to arise in future. However there is a standardized internal policy that provides a tentative guideline if needed. Absence of a clearly laid down policy as well as lack of contact over the training procedures sets a field of probable problem that could cause trouble in future within Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. It is also found in Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. that this lack of needed training proves to be of a huge disadvantage whereas this problem is confronted by only the manager who is blissfully qualified in this sense. But this imbalance of knowledge would ultimately cause further drift within the department; at least theoretically there is the potential within the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. Another problem at Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is the personnel leave and sickness issue. This is another weak point of the department. This is because the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is responsible of keeping record of personnel leave due to sickness which exceeds more than six weeks but apart form this record the department is not responsible for any other records of employees who remain absent for reasons other than sickness. Moreover, records are not maintained if the employee is absent less than six weeks. This proves to be a fatal disadvantage of records by the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. and the basic effectiveness of maintaining a HRM is mostly lost. But the most interesting and wearisome problem of the Personnel Fun

Checkpoint ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses Assignment

Checkpoint ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses - Assignment Example It helps to understand the quantity of an item in the financial statement as a percentage of a whole and compare over a horizon of many years. Comparing current assets as percentage of total assets in year1 and year2 would be an example of vertical analysis. Horizontal analysis helps in analyzing the various items over a period of time either in absolute numbers or in percentage. Example, change in sales (+ or -) figures in year1 as compare to previous year. The current ratio shows that Pepsico is showing a decreasing trend from 1.28 in 2004 to 1.11 in 2005 (appendix). Coca-Cola is also showing a similar trend with the ratio at 1.10 in 2004 and 1.04 in 2005 (appendix). This shows that both the companies are increasing their short term financing. They can afford to do this at present as both companies have their current liabilities adequately covered. However, the trend could be alarming for their short term liquidity position in the future if it continues, especially for Coca-Cola which has almost equal amount of current assets covering the current liabilities ($1.04 for every $1 of current liability). Vertical analysis of Assets shows that for Pepsico current assets component of total assets has increased marginally in 2005 over the previous year (appendix). The current liabilities as percentage of total liabilities has increased drastically which shows that the company is financing more through short term obligations rather than long term debt. A further component analysis reveals a clearer picture. There has been a major increase in short term liabilities and taxes showing an increased short term financing for growing business (appendix). For coca-cola current liabilities have increased and assets decreased again showing increased short term financing (appendix). Horizontal analysis of Pepsico shows that there has been an increase in current assets and liabilities

The Nature Of The State Sovereignty

The Nature Of The State Sovereignty In order to complete this analysis, it is necessary to examine the history and the evolution of concept sovereignty. Hence I will firstly define notion of sovereignty and its origins. In the latter part I will present how sovereignty has changed over period of time, particularly after the Cold War. In the final part I will provide conclusion summoning if the change of sovereignty nature has been positive or negative. Sovereignty is relatively recent innovation in international relations. It was first developed in Europe, at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Treaty of Westphalia has been the outcome of around 8 decades of wars fought in name of religions. The result of Westphalian Treaty was establishment of new international law system which was going to be applied to the modern states. The underpinning of this system is the sovereign character of the state and the prevention against external interference in internal affairs by other states. Sovereignty is one among the inherent and essential elements of a state, which defines its supreme power and its own independence.  [1]  Sovereignty has two dimension and these are: authority of internal government and territory. Leader of the government has an ultimate and legitimate right to exercise power within the borders of that particular state and suppose to be obeyed by its citizens.  [2]  Noteworthy, the core elements of state sovereignty hav e been established in 1933 Montevideo convention on the Rights and Duties of States. They include three main requirements: a permanent populations, defined territory and body of power functioning government.  [3]   Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau were most important members of the social contract school. They shared the same idea about the concept of sovereignty. They believed that whatever are origins of sovereignty, it all comes down to contractual agreement between the members. However, their theories differed significantly in other respects.  [4]   State sovereignty has for the past several hundred years, been a defining principle of a relations between states and in a way a foundation of worlds order. This concept is one of the most important principles of United Nation Charter and it is still important component of the maintenance of peace in the world and defence of weak states against the powerful ones. At the same time, however the concept has never been unchallengeable as such, either in law or practice as the formal definition may suggest. According to former secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali; The time of absolute sovereignty has passed; its theory was never matched by reality.  [5]   Knowing that the international rules of the notion of sovereignty set out in the Treat of Westphalia have been modified over the years, most recently and significantly by the Charter of the United Nations they remained merely intact until June 1990, this was when UN Security Council approved Resolution 1244. According to that resolution the attacks in Kosovo were justified. The post-Cold War world has segued into what might now be called post-Westphalian world. Resolution 1244 is the momentum of a series of acts of decisions and actions which, taken together, change the legal and theoretical structure of international relations. This means that the first principle of the nation sovereignty is the power that the nation holds as a State those in power are in charge.  [6]   In practice international legal sovereignty and Westphalian sovereignty are the key manifestations of sovereignty. In particular cases, for example; Somalia or Andorra, these attributes camouflage glaring failings in other areas ostensibly central to sovereignty. The humanitarian intervention in Kosovo and the invocation of self-Defence as a rationale for the intervention in Afghanistan are examples of rights reserved for powerful states which are not intended for use by the majority of states.  [7]   As Krasner summarizesthe principles associated with both Westphalian and international legal sovereignty have always been violated.  [8]   After the end of Cold War, the sovereignty of each nation involved in the war has changed significantly and quite diminished. Meanwhile the Cold War is the longest war that took place between 1940-1980 involving United Union of soviet socialist and America and it was merely a war of rights and beliefs. The changes to the notion of Sovereignty changed and the changes were influenced by the development that happened after the Cold War.  [9]   Pragmatically, concept of sovereignty has often been challenged and violated by the powerful states. In current globalizing world, it is recognised that cultural, environmental and economic influences neither respect borders, nor require an entry visa. The concept of state sovereignty is well stretched in political and legal discourses. Furthermore, states borders have diminished significantly as a result of contemporary international relations arena. Current international disorder and suffering are the main causes of technology and communication fast development. Consequently, perspectives on the range and role of state sovereignty have, especially over the past ten years, evolved very quickly. Today, sovereignty confronts the challenge of globalism. It is commonly held that the conditions which support globalism, such as technological advances, the communications revolution, and advances in business organization do not necessarily promote sovereignty. Furthermore political activism, terrorism, and organized crime conspire to undermine territorial boundaries and permit the exchange of science, culture, political economy, and the growth of beneficent and malevolent global civil society. However according to Anthony Coughlans effects of globalization o the concept of the sovereignty of Sate is often taken out of context or exaggerated. In his view States have always been interdependent to some extent. In his opinion there was more to globalisation in the late 19th Century, such as free movement of labour, trade and capital, although the volumes involved were smaller than today. In that time most states were economically more powerful due to international businesses. In Coughlans view Modern States do more for their citizens and are expected by them to do more and impinge more intimately on peoples lives than at any time in history.  [10]   Sovereignty may undeniably be strengthened as it changes to meet new needs and opportunities. In other ways, sovereignty may be limited in its capacity to deny international responsibilities and domestic obligations. An analysis of the world social process will give a way to a vast number of participants and institutions that comprise the global society. Among these are State sovereigns, international and regional organizations, political parties, business groups, pressure groups, NGOs, and individuals in various roles relevant to social relations within and across State and national lines.  [11]   It should be added that there are many other complex outcomes of this process, which include, for example, the constitutional architecture of the European Union, the African Union, the Organization of American States, and even the framework of military alliances under the changing character of NATO. These regional organizations carry the attributes of authority and control and, in turn, reconfigure the framework of decision-making competences that are exclusive to the sovereign State, those which are sometimes shared concurrently with the nation-State, and those which are to be exercised in complex patterns of sequential authority. This makes the interplay between the constitutional architecture of the various forms of political and legal association under current world order conditions, a complex and technical, but vitally important matter. Among the important outcomes of the world community process is the relatively specialized process of effective power, which involves connecting linkages between interactions and inters determination operating in micro social institutions, large-scale social formations such as the State, even larger aggregates of States, and a still larger and complex world process of effective power. It is perhaps a paradox that sovereign independence is now often accompanied by sovereign membership in various regional associations and international organizations, which juridical limits sovereignty. For example, membership in the United Nations conditions sovereignty; in other words, sovereignty cannot trump the obligations and international responsibilities of the UN. Even more prominent are State claims to associate with supranational regional compacts and, in so doing, abandon some autonomy in exchange for the benefits of membership. Examples of this include the European Union, the African Union, and the Organization of American States. The current crisis of terrorism and world order will tell as much about the changes that international law might secure for the practice of international relations based on the authority of the UN Charter. One trend however, is clear. Sovereignty as State absolutism is no longer a tenable precept in international law and international relations. Sovereignty based on the authority of peoples expectations is a vital and critical element in promoting international peace and security, enhancing human rights and is a basic element in the foundations and possibilities of good governance as well as transparent and responsible authority. To conclude this does not mean the demise of sovereignty but it means change.

The Genius by Frank O’Connor Essay -- Genius Frank Oconnor Essays

The Genius by Frank O’Connor The boy’s personality and his intelligence are swiftly established in the opening paragraph. His mother is presented as being a strong influence on him and appears as a kind of ‘ally’ against the rough children – ‘savages’ as she describes them – that live and play in the area. It is clear that she encourages him to regard himself as ‘different’ and separate from them, but it is equally obvious that he is not anxious to associate with them anyway. He describes himself as â€Å"a cissy by conviction† and says that he regarded the idea of fighting as both unattractive and ‘dangerous’. He avoids rough games and prefers the company of girls to boys only because â€Å"they don’t fight so much†. Religion seems to play an unusually important role in his life and it seems probable that this is a reflection of his close relationship with Miss Cooney. He himself uses â€Å"our Blessed Lord† as a kind of defence against bullies who might otherwise ‘hammer’ his head on the pavement. It is evident from the way he uses argument that he is unusually articulate for his age, and this is a reflection of both his natural intelligence and his strong preference for adult company. The fact that his mother has told him â€Å"about geniuses† makes it clear that she has high ambitions for him. This is reinforced by the fact that she: â€Å"Worried herself endlessly finding answers to my questions†. Miss Cooney, however, plays an important role in encouraging and ‘feeding’ the boy’s sense of himself as someone ‘special’. Although a very eccentric and even unstable woman, she recognises his intelligence and, by making her â€Å"religious books† freely available to him, seeks to plant and foster the growth of the idea th... ...y life’, but also to Frank O’Connor’s discussion of the short story in The Lonely Voice (1963). O’Connor compares the novel and the short story: whereas the novel can ‘adhere to the classical concept of civilized society, of man as an animal who lives in a community...the short story remains by its very nature remote from the community - romantic, individualistic, and intransigent.’ The relevance of aspects of this will echo through my discussion of a story by Tobias Wolff in the final section of my paper. For O’Connor, the short story is concerned with individuals who are marginalised, or who marginalise themselves: these individuals are ‘outlawed figures wandering about the fringes of society...As a result, there is in the short story at its most characteristic something we do not often find in the novel - an intense awareness of human loneliness.’

Fashion Magazine Editor

In 1892 Arthur Baldwin Turner founds Vogue in America which will later become one of the most influential fashion magazines in history. In the year 1 900 fashion magazines began to use photographs instead of illustrations. For the editors, this means that they must deal with a new way to structure the magazine. Today, there are hundred ads of fashion magazines that have become an essential for many people. They provide info on the latest clothing trends and newest designers. Many fashion magazines have started doing online sites, so people may start to see more online issues in the future.Thus, as fashion ma gamines change, so will the jobs of the editor. There are many people working in this career in different parts of the world t day. There are currently 1 3,500 people employed as an editor in California alone (â€Å"Editor s†). It is estimated that by 2020 there will be a decline and the amount of people working in this career in California Adolph 3 will be 12,900. This is due to the increasing amount of online fashion editorial s. There is still good news though. This new age of online magazines will open up jobs for on line magazine editors and floggers.Most of the times jobs relating to this career are found I n big cities such as New York or Los Angles. This is because this is where major fashion companion sees, such as Harpers Bazaar and The Cosmopolitan, are located. Therefore, changes in the near future will affect some of the different aspects of one's job. Working as an editor may be a tough and stressful job, but it has its perks. â€Å"A f cushion magazine editor works closely with writers, photographers, and advertisers to ensure that readers are given the most update information regarding fashion trends† (â€Å"Descriptive on of a Fashion Magazine Debited).Fashion magazine editors oversee every part of publication . To BEA magazine editor, you have to follow strict deadlines. When you have deadline s, your hours of work tend to i ncrease. There are not any specific working hours for this career r, but most of your time is spent in an office. One thing that is important for editors to use is socio al media. † you can also reach a wide audience no matter where you live thanks to social media† ( Knobble, Claire, ‘Teen Vogue†). Social media allows the editor to market and promote FRR mom wherever they are.Many fashion magazine editors get to attend runway shows and pre view new collections from famous designers, receive free clothing, and go to some of the e most high end parties. While a magazine editors job can sometimes be a lot of work, it's worth hit. When applying for a job in this field, there are a few things a company will lo fashion magazine editor can be male or female. The ages range because they look at your skills, not your age. You have to be social because it is important to make relations pips with people in the fashion industry, so that later on you can have connections. The ideal EDI tort will have strong Adolph 4 interpersonal skills, and be able to conduct insightful and entertaining interview Killer, Johnny, â€Å"Job Responsibilities†). You also have to be creative and openhanded t o new ideas. In this career, most people start as an intern and work their way up. The majority y of magazine editors have a bachelors degree (â€Å"Magazine Idiom'). These degrees are usual y in journalism or something related to fashion design. It is essential to have a background in FAA scion to do this job.

Concession at Glastonbury Festival

Introduction Glastonbury festival Of Contemporary Performing Art is one of the most known music festivals in the world. The festival it self takes part in worthy farm which is a dairy farm during the year; is in the region of Somerset which is situated in southwest England. The festival from 1981 has been organised by the local farmer and site owner Michael Eavis (Martin, 2009). Micheal Eavis is also the owner of Glastonbury Festival LTD the company that is in charge of the organization and the distribution of the varies concessions around the event site. Philip m. , 2013) Since 2002 festival republic which is a company that consist in the merging of (live Nation and MCD) takes care of the managing the logistic, security, and 40% of the concessionary stakes in the festival. (stroke, 2013). Food and beverage stalls Concession for the stall and Glastonbury have a very different type of price depending on the size and what the stall his selling. There are two types of stall A typical se lls food and beverage and is set at ? 1000 per day out side the events cite. And 2500? f is inside the event cite. Also the owner of the stall must comply with the regulations regarding the waste management and water management. A Stand needs to do an investment of ? 4000 to have is stall with the right regulations. (Bodwin, 2008) But once the stands have given the concession the owner can make a very good amount of money. The concessions for the stand are all the same but generally speaking if your stand is more green, environmental and alternative, the cheaper the rent is going to be in could go down to ? 00 to non like a stall specialized in dairy farming products. (Murray, 2009) There are about 800 stalls, which they been release the concessions to sell their products during Glastonbury Festival. (Lee, 2010) The bars at Glastonbury Concert is organise by Workers Beer Company which is sponsor by Carlsberg the leasing that hey give to contribute to the festival is around ? 500. 00 0 (Wanddworthy, 2012) Goods and services stalls A type B stall sells any types of good and services that can be need it during the event. This can vary from Tabaco reseller, to Tend fixing ssistant, books, papers, gadgets, flags and alcohol. For this stands Festival republic is in charge on giving them specific rules and regulations regarding the Concessions. The standard price is also set from ? 1000 to a maximum of ? 3000 there is a option that the owner of the stall could undertake and is that to partner with one of the sponsors of Glastonbury like; Oxfam, Water Aid and green peace is to donate part of the stall money to there Couse and they will be ready to pay for there stall rent for all the event. Caravans inside Glastonbury festivalThe parking of the caravans is accepted but only on the out skirts of the event. Glastonbury festival LTD releases upon request a caravan concession but they need to follow specific criteria’s: Each person entering must have a weekend Festi val ticket holder. And this concession will only be release if the ticket older will sleep in the vehicles and have a fitted sleeping and cooking facilities. The cost of this special concession given to the caravans is of ? 85 for the entire event. There is a reduction of the price for physically challenged people.Which is ? 65 that is also valid for all the event time. Each car is allowed to have one car but there is an additional parking ticket of ? 20 for each car. (Philip m. , 2013) Pre Erected tend service Since Glastonbury festival LTD understands that camping is one of the most entertainment and exiting things of the festival. Not everybody would have a tend so they have release a concession to Argos to rent tends to who would wish to rent them. This is a very good opportunity for business for Argos but they need to pay to Glastonbury Festival ? 100. 00 in order to have the permission to erect there tends inside the camping cites. The ticket holders then they can easily rent a tend inside an Argos story or buy calling an hotline. The price for renting of the tend strictly depends on the occupancy of people Inside it. For a standard 2 person Cloud House is ? 300 for 5 nights and those are the most popular and they tend to sell out very quickly. Then there the choose of a 4 person bell ten which comes with a cost of ? 500. For the biggest tend that can hold 8 people inside which is a dome tent is ? 00 for 5 nights. Argos have about 7. 000 tends to lease and the get all sold out. (Philip m. , 2013) Electrical Power and stages Mr Michael Eavis is famouse for Glastonbury Festival of contemporary Arts for his ability to create an event that is unique for the industry since his almost 70% sustainable (Philip M. , Our-green. policies, 2013) Eavis’ have installed 1,116 solar panels which have been installed on the roof of the cowshed. The 1. 500-acre site effectively will bring the Glastonbury festival to be has ecologically as possible.The solar power en ergy well produce about 200 diesel-powered generators and will be able to produce enough electrical power to make sure than more than one band can play, The sound systems on site have a total power of 650,000 watts, with the main stage having 250 speakers. Also the food-and-drink suppliers will be able to operate there stalls when the lights of the day will go down. (Morris, 2010). Mr Eavis have given the concession to build such infrastructure in his farm to SOLAR PANEL UK with the collaboration of Greenpeace.The estimate investment plus the permission to install such infrastructure was about ? 40m. (UK, 2012) The project is very important because the name of solar panel will become part of the official sponsor for the festival. Also green peaces have the chance to promote suitability in the UK. Solar panel gets given 25% of the made from the concert. Conclusion Glastonbury Festival of performance of contemporary arts is a very well establish event. Has been running for over 40 yea rs. And every year them seem to improve in many aspects

The Role of Management in organization

The Role of Management in organization Introduction The main role of management is categorized into four functions, i.e. Controlling, Leading, Organizing and planning. Many textbooks depict these functions as the simple, clear and unchanging guidelines to perfect management. However, the role of management is more than just following simple rules of procedure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Management in organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These functions looks very ideal to work with and they lay out a god framework through which managers should work with, but they do not represent the day-to-day challenges that face a manager. This essay analyses various textbooks and how each of them depict the role of management. The role of management Role of management as depicted by the study book The text book paints the role of management as a rational and technical function. F.W. Taylor, for example, believed that â€Å"the way to create the most efficient division of labor could best be determined by scientific management techniques rather than intuitive of informal rule-of-thumb knowledge,† (Waddell et al 2007, P. 43). He further four principles of management as â€Å"developing a for each job element, scientifically selecting an training workers, formulating science principles to be followed and equal division of work and responsibilities between workers and management,† (Waddell et al 2007, P.44). This may be conclusively said to be his idea of management’s role of planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. The Gilbreths too, in â€Å"their goal to achieve maximum efficiency, undertook to develop efficiency principle of management to be applied in all areas,† (Waddell et al 2007, P. 47). To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative function, Max Weber developed â€Å"formalized rules, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and norms,† (Waddell et al 2007 , P. 49), popularly known as principles of bureaucracy. To him bureaucracy was the gateway to achieving organizational goals by enabling effective directing and control of workers. Henri Fayol too believed that the only way â€Å"to achieve efficiency of management is by the use of some standard principles which he came up with, to be used by managers in their management role which he identified as planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling† (Waddell et al 2007, P. 52), which equate to the modern management functions as POLC. This stand was challenged by Parker Follet who disagreed with flow of authority from top to bottom and viewed that workers too should be included in the decision making, but Fayols principles have stood the test of time and are still very applicable to date.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management role by other wr iters Jackall maintains that scientific principles of management are crucial to management process when it comes to middle-managers. Well formulated principles outlines what a manager needs to do when and thus removes the constant fear that such managers feel of â€Å"being found not measuring up to the expectations in their social world,† (Jackall, 1988, P. 79). Tasks are broken into smaller portions and also knowledge conferred and required by each piece. However, he admits that scientific principles will not be helpful to a senior manager who need to make, what he calls, ‘gut decisions’ which are complex and involve large amounts of capital outlay. According to him, â€Å"numeric measures and other seemingly sophisticated analytical tools can only be â€Å"guideposts† in making such decisions,† (Jackall 1988, P.81). But Parker was of the opinion that management cannot be a rational and technical role. He states that management must conform to ind ustrial changes and social progress. In his own words, â€Å"it would make no sense to disentangle†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmanagement’ from the everyday skills through which life was lived,† (Parker 2002, P. 5). He views management, though, as an art that once learnt becomes universally applicable to all situations. Roberts views scientific methods of management as essential sources of techniques that managers can use to effectively manage their entities. On the other hand, â€Å"such techniques are inadequate to the task that is set for them and, only by acknowledging the moral character of their practice, will managers be able to become truly effective,† (Roberts 1984 P. 288). Thus, managers are morally neutral characters in their ways of controlling others. Others like Knight and Roberts believe that management power does not only rest with the managers but also the subordinates, (Knight Roberts, 1928). Managers draw their power from the people they manage and therefor e this cannot be rational and technical as in scientific management. Terkel, in his narration of his job in the executive says that, he can’t tell â€Å"of any situation in the corporate world where an executive is completely free and sure of his job from moment to moment,† (Terkel 1974, 335). This is because they are constantly under pressure from both within, e.g., shareholders and outside the organization. Thus, management role cannot be rational and technical. Analysis The study book by Waddell et al, 2007, holds a rigid position on the role of management. Most of the theories of management discussed hold that from management to be effective, managers must follow some preset standards and procedures. According to them, failure to adhere to such principles would lead to total failure of the management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Management in organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their principles have been applied over a long stretch of time and even now some of their principles have trickled down to modern management. Some writers still believe that scientific methods help managers to reduce uncertainty found in management and makes performance of tasks relatively easy since they are well broken down and defined, (Jackall, 1988). But modern writers have realized that management is more than being technical and rational. It involves the ability to cope with the industrial developments and social progress, (Parker 2002). Others believe that both methods are intertwined and it is hard to separate the two from each other. Simply put, none can survive without the other. Conclusion The most logical line of argument is that the two methods are paramount to success of an organization since as much as management is about dealing with day to day life, lack of clear guidelines to indicate what is to be done, when and by who may result to a state of chaos and con flicts. On the other hand religious adherence to some rational and technical guidelines will be a hindrance to creativity and innovation and it may take long adapting to change. This in effect will lead to slow development of the entire organization. Therefore managers should adopt methods of management that are a combination of both methods. The laid down policies and procedures should not be too rigid as to make it hard to adapt to new circumstances. On the other hand, they should be such as to enable one to know his authority and scope of duty. References Jackall, R. (1988) Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers. Chapter 4, Oxford, Oxford University Press Knights, D Roberts, J. (1928) The Power of Organization or the Organization of Power? Department of Management Science, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England. Parker, M. (2002) Against Management: Management and its Discontents, Cambridge, PolityAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Roberts, J. (1948) The Moral Character of Management Practice. Journal of Management Studies, 21, 3. Department of Accounting and Business Finance, University of Manchester Terkel, S. (1974) Working. Middlesex. ND Penguin. Waddell, et al. (2007) Contemporary management. McGraw Hill: Australia pty limited.